Saving the Alberta Mountain Horse

Hello, to start I would like to introduce myself. My name is Brooke Jennings, An Alberta born and raised Metis woman with a passion for horses, and equine psychology. My husband and children are treaty 6 first nations My goals are to help save the wild horse in north America from extinction. specifically the Alberta wild horses, known as the Alberta Mountain Horse which is under great threat from the Albertian and Canadian governments. This is a research study/blog of all the proof you need to prove the alberta wildies belong here, now this isn’t my own work, i am not a paleontologist, I am not a scientist, however i have taken all the research i have found deemed credible by other authors or workers and researchers, all i am capable of being credited for here is my critical thinking, questioning and ability to take all the research and put it all together, under one page, with every one credited for their work. with thousands of facts, names, books, research findings and links to all the information I could possibly find to help save these wild horses, all website names, researchers, scientists, and paleontologists I have used are listed below, please research their work further and support their work.

The last few months have been chaotic for the Alberta mountain horse to say the least. So much has come into light for the governments plans for the wildies. The culling, The contraception experiment, adoptions, or the “break a wild horse competition” coming soon. the wild horses in Alberta never seem to catch a break, longer than a couple years at a time. Now their lives are in jeopardy again. Which has brought me to a lot of questions. one being..why feral? If all this is due to them being feral and not having a designated place in our province…what can we do to change that… history? research? dna? ecosystem functions? a new title? There are a lot of suggestions. i propose we study them all. use them all. and fight for their protection in every way. Now here’s the problem most of us have with this thought… now what? we know as a majority of Albertans we want to protect them, but we all fall back to the same question.. How? right?

this blog i am going to use to break down as many of these hows as possible, we are going to take the path down each road, each lead, and each crumb trail we find with information on the wild Alberta mountain horses, and i will write out all my findings here, if you have information you would like to add please email me at kanatawildhorses@gmail.com and if you have sources for your information please provide that as well so I can study it further and link it for everyone to study as well.

i would really appreciate you sharing this, and also please read to the bottom where i have provided many links and names to research for yourselves, i would highly encourage everyone to look into the sources and names mentioned as it will help everyone learn about our north american history as a whole. I will provide all my sources at the bottom of the page, if new information is added or updated sources will be updated also. Now this will be a reoccurring blog post, I will continue to add on information

I am going to start my research at the base. what are wild alberta mountain horses ? where do they come from ? what does their dna show? can we trace their lineage? this is my starting point, please follow and share.

now one thing that continues to halt the protection of the Alberta wild horses, is the fact that nobody can agree if they belong here. So let’s start with the number one problem. “science”. Science says that horses did infact originate here, however they say they disappeared or “went extinct” after or during the last ice age over 13,000 years ago.

Now this is where it gets tricky. What science says is, if they went extinct, the ones we see today cannot in fact be natural and must in fact be “feral” or someone’s lost; domesticated horse. So..Is this true?

I would say no. Once you lay out all the facts regarding the matter, it is clear to see that horses have in fact always been part of north America, the land, the people, and the way of life here. Don’t believe me.. ? That’s okay, we will showcase the facts, and we will let the facts speak for themselves. Let’s start with bones and fossils. Now science is well known to have documented older cases of horses also called equid/equus/equidae/equine) fossils dating back tens of thousands to millions of years ago. Science admits that, and furthers it by saying the equus species derived from north America. The true founding continent of horses. So what if i told you horse fossils have been found and dated earlier than the 13,000 years science claims they went extinct at. To start, let’s look at the Yukon wild horse carcass found in permafrost, which was found in Alaska. dating back to as little as 7000 years ago. so now we have it narrowed down a little more, they could not have gone extinct 13,000 years ago if the fossils date to 7000 years ago. So that’s a start, what else do we know to be fact about the fossil records you might ask? Well to continue on about this Yukon horse found in the permafrost, what else did this fossil and carcass show us? It showed us that the wild horses back then had the same DNA composure as the wild horses of modern day.. How could they match our current north American wild horse DNA if they are different horses, if those horses went extinct 13,000 years ago , how does horse DNA from 7000 years ago match the modern day horse? This also proves they did not go extinct. this study was done by the cloud foundation..Maybe we are getting somewhere..lets continue with the fossil research shall we??

Lets jump over to some other fossil findings. This study was done by Robert. M. Alison in “Canadas last wild horses” it is a series of fossils found in Ontario - “Canadian museum of nature l-8581” - found a fossil dating back only 2900 years! Another horse fossil in Ontario dates back to merely 900 years ago! Remember they could not have been European horses in these fossils because Europeans had not arrived until 600 years ago, So who are these fossils and who are he horses that lived here in the time frame horses were said to be extinct?This is local in Canada during a time period horses were believed to be extinct. Fossils do not lie, bones do not lie, and evidence does not lie. I want to also add fossils were found in Carbon County Montana on the east side of pryor mounatin dating back to only 900 years ago as well, so not just Canda, but Canada, Yukon,Saskatchewan, Ontario, Alaska, Montana, Wyoming, Nevada, all having proved through fossils that horses have never been extinct. North America does have fossils in recent thousands of years, my belief is that we have not excavated enough land to even find 10% of the fossils that are out there. The “horses going extinct theory “ is truly just an old belief, proven now to be untrue, whether they believed it at the time, it can no longer be debated. Fossil evidence of equus species in North America (including but not limited to Canada) 600 years ago, 700 years ago, 900 years ago, 1100 years ago, 1700 years ago, 2900 years, 3000 years, 5000 years , 7000 years and 10, 000 years that is 100% fact. (again links all provided below). Now on to my next point.

Oral Traditions of First Nations People: The first direction I am going to point you in for your own further research is a book by Gloria Farley called “ In plain light: old world records in ancient America “ which depicts illustrations of horses in post-Pleistocene and pre- Columbian North America, how could they draw and depict a horse if it was not something they were already familiar with?

The Ojibwe horse, which is the wild horse of Ontario Canada was known as a traditional helper assisting the Anishinaabe with their every day needs. Now you might be wondering why the Ojibwe horse is important here is that's in Ontario and not Alberta, well that’s again where things get interesting, according to oral histories.(history passed down through generations by story telling from indigenous elders), they believe the Ojibwe horse traveled all across Canada and north America, making it relevant to the Alberta wildies. The Alberta wildies have undergone DNA tests showing them to have DNA partially of the Indian pony/ indigenous pony, well what is the indigenous pony, the Ojibwe Spirit Horse. In 1977 only 4 remained and they were llisted as an endangered species. now it leads me to the question of, if these horses have the same dna as an endangered species, even if its only a partial dna match, shouldnt that allow them some protection, to carry on the last lines the ojibwe has in its hybrid ancestors?

Now that's not to say only that only Canada has indigenous horses, because our friends and close neighbors in America too, have indigenous horses and histories of horses always being in North America

Now let’s look at a wild horse known as the "Pryor Mountain Horse“ This is a horse found along the Wyoming and Montana mountain ranges and is said to be an original Native American horse, native to the land there. Now what i have found interesting here is the similarities and characteristics that these horses have to the Alberta mountain horses, Chilcotin wild horses and the Ojibwe Spirit Horse. When we look at the characteristics of these horses, and do some further research into the characteristic traits of the indigenous horses that were native to this land, you will find we come across a term called “curlies” what are curlies you might ask…well they are said to be an indigenous horse native to North America having specific traits - larger lungs- kinky curly manes, straight backs, larger nostrils, and a thick coat, being typically around 13-14.2 hands high. Now if you take a minute to go through my file called Alberta wild horses, study the pictures, look at their bodies, their manes, their structure, their nostrils, do you see it? the curly hair? large nostrils? straight back? i know i sure do, and get this, i believe most alberta wildies to come in between 13-15 hands high, some being as small as 12- 13 hands high, while the odd few range up to 15 hands high, however i believe the small ones are showing genetic and dna traits of their ancestors. Now does that mean they look the same so the case is solved? No, however i do believe it is a piece of the puzzle, and we must explore every option. which leads me into my next point…

Are all these wild horses really so different? Do they abide by our imaginary borders? I thought this was worth looking into, follow along, and please put on your critical thinking cap for this one.

We are going to do a little test/ study Please bear with me, and try to follow along. In this test/study i am going to be using Alberta as home base…because its the home base of the Alberta wild horses in discussion here..

Here we will look at:

- Wyoming Pryor Mountain Horse- Located roughly 1800km from Alberta

-Yukon wild horses- Located roughly 1500 km from Alberta

-Saskatchewan wild ponies- Located Roughly 500 km from Alberta

-Ontario Ojibwe spirit horse- Located roughly 2000 km from Alberta

-British Columbia Chilcotin wild horses- located roughly 1100km from Alberta

Now if we look at horses as a whole, we know they continually move, continually graze, and change grazing land, well, specifically wild horses because domestic horses are not granted that privilege. Have you ever wondered how far a wild horse can travel in a day? This is probably not a question most people ask right? According to research findings, wild horses can travel anywhere between 80-160 km a day, now they typically like to stay within a 20-50km zone of where they were born, however if there’s a flood, or a drought, or any unusual weather, horses can and do travel far, and fast. Ask any domestic horse owner in Florida, when a flood comes in, they let their horses go..why? Because their horse can most likely out run the bad weather and get to a safe place. This is a common known practice. So if these horses ran out of forage you bet they could move, and would move if they deemed necessary.

So now let’s put these two pieces together and see what we come up with lets start with the furthest distance in my analysis, the Ontario Ojibwe spirit horse which is roughly 2000km from Alberta, now doing some simple math we can calculate how long it would/ could take a wild horse to travel this distance and we get 12-25 days of travel to achieve the distance between ontario and alberta

Wyoming Pryor mountain horse is 1800km making this journey take as little as 11-22 days

Yukon wild horses are 1500 km away from Alberta, making it a journey as little as 9-18 days for a wild horse

British Columbia Chilcotin wild horses are roughly 1100 km away, making it a journey done in as little as 6-13 days for the wildies

lastly we have the saskatchewan wild horses/ponies which are a mere 500km away from Alberta. Taking a wild horse a journey of 2-6 days..now lets conclude this little research project with my main point on this, and why i decided to look into this piece, with one question in mind, do horses abide by our borders? is the Alberta wild horse different than the Saskatchewan wild horse? and BC wild horse? Yukon? Nevada? Wyoming? Or is it possible, and plausible that these wild horses could all migrate, and travel to any part of North America? If they so chose to do so, what would stop them? North America is all one land mass, one continent, so why do some gain protection while others are threatened and endangered? Why do some have laws in place and others do not, why are some classified as native and others are not? Are they not all truly just wild horses of North America, as a whole in a greater context? like i said at the start, please bear with me, i know it’s a lot to process and take it, but i promise i have a lot more valuable information to share on this topic which is just as worthy of reading as the latter.

Did you know that there are 3 types of equidae? Donkeys, Zebras and Horses and all 3 prove to have originated in North America.. thats right.. Zebras the one we now see in Africa, were originally native to north america, now having protection in the lands they have now adapted to call home. and before you go there, no i am not suggesting we take back zebras as a wild animal here, however i am suggesting the fact that if they can now have protective rights where they are, why can we still not give the wild horses of this land rights that they deserve as a native species? If other countries can protect our once native species, why can’t we?

I also want to mention that there have been Chinese manuscripts found dating to 2200 BC, where they wrote about seeing and witnessing wild horses in North America, this is roughly 4000 years ago, 4000-9000 years after the believed “extinction theory”, again proving horses have not been extinct in the last 10,000 years and have always been here.

The next point I want to talk about is land. Land size, and what that might be equivelant to in Alberta per wild horse. Now just the range land for the alberta mountain horse alone is 5.5 million acres. As Albertains we are familiar with 160 acre plots often called “quarters" now to put that into albertain perspective thats about 30,000 “quarters” combined.

Now mind you , we have to remember there are only around 1500 wild horses on this 5,000,000 acres of land, now to put this into perspective also, thats about 3600acres per wild horse to graze.

which now leads into my next point being ,i think we are handling the wild horses all wrong in this sense. Studies show that to sustaine a population of wildlife there must be over 2500 in the wild, that is to keep a population healthy and thriving. we fall over 1000 horses short in this case, meaning the Alberta mountain horse populations will continue to naturally decline because they are not meeting the threshold needed to survive, now we can look back in history and find within the last 200-300 years Alberta once supported the lives of over 10,000 wild horses, so why couldn’t it support, say, 3000-5000 now?, Alberta wild horses should not be interfered with by humans, when their populations are not steady and sustainable. I believe the minimum threshold should be 25000 wild horses in Alberta Again i emphasize greatly the word MINIMUM here. bare minimum 2500 wild horses to keep their populations stable. i am not here to argue or decide when there is too many wild horses, however i believe, and science confirms that anything under 2500 is not sustainable or steady for a population. Now i believe this land could easily sustain 3000-5000 which would still be less than half of what this land used to sustain without a problem. so yes, i do believe something needs to be done to set a limit. Now the feral horse advisory committee has set limits, however I believe the wrong ones. they set limits on when they need to intervene now I believe the limit was set somewhere around 1500-2000 horses when they need to step in with culling, adopting, trapping, or contracepting. My belief is that if the population is under 2500 is should be endangered or threatened and completely untouched to allow the populations to stabilize. Now please hear me on this, I am not saying that as as the population hits 2600 that we go cull the extra 100 horses, no, not at all. Like I said this land can and has sustained over 10,000 wild horses before, so I don’t think any human intervention is needed at all, I believe as the wild horses start reaching this threshold we should invest in researchers, ecologists, conservationists, from around the world to study the land and how the horses impact and benefit the land. Now my solution for over population would be quite simple, and is similar to that of the chilcotin wild horses, when they notice over population in one specific area, they go out on horseback, calmly and quietly move a few bands of wild horses over onto the next range, without fear or running or stampedes or injuries involved, allowing the horses to migrate disperse, and diversify, I believe this method should be taken in an event that one area becomes noticably impacted negatively by the wild horses over populating one area

Now I want to jump over and look at the wild horse populations, the zone and the amount of land in each zone, with the amount of horses in each zone. Now in Alberta we have what are called equine management zones, these zones are where Alberta allows these wild horses to be. This has been known to cause problems for the wild horses, because if they leave these zones they no longer have that protection and are then at risk of being captured, sold, adopted or penned for life.

So in the 6 equine zones we have

-Brazeau

-Nordegg

-Clearwater

-Sundre

-Ghost

-Elbow

creating a total of 5,603,710 acres of land, now this doesn’t include the areas in between the zones, however it should. It should in fact cover any crown land along the whole mountain range, all the way down to the border. and all the way over the mountain range connecting to the Bc wild horse ranges. I would also go as far as to say any crown land should be deemed land for the wild horses too, as it is home for all other species of wildlife native to Canada; deer, moose, elk, bobcats, all have the right to roam free, and travel across the country as they see fit, it is their native home after all right? so why not allow the same right for the wild horses in Canada.

so where are we at right now? Around 1400-1500 horse give or take a few hundred.. most likely on the lower end. like I said previous that's about 3600 aces per horse. Now what if the population was at 2500? well that would still be at least 2000 acres per horse. Now if we bump it up again to say, 3000-5000 wild horses, they would still have over 1000-1600 acres each per horse, every year to graze. How is that not enough? How could even that possibly be over population?

Did you know in the summer months Alberta rents this land out in cattle grazing leases? Did you know this consists of over 30,000 cow calf pairs? Do you know how cattle graze? Well i can tell you it is almost the same way pigs graze..They dig up the ground, lay messy muddy poop, destroy the lakes and rivers, and rip the roots of the grass, they do not walk in a line, and they trample every thing in their path. To top it all off, cows have 4 stomach chambers, meaning there is not a piece of food left by the time they’re done with it. Now let's look at how the wild horses do in comparison to the cattle. Wild horses are knwon to travel in one straight line, staying on one path, with the lead mare in the front and the stallion in the back, keeping everyone in single file as they travel and migrate. Now if you watch wild horses for a while you will find that they often go around small shrubs and bushes, and do not typically venture off the beaten path. They eat by breaking off the grass from the root system, leaving the roots intact to grow back, and if we look at their poop we will also find somthing very different from cattle, they poop out grass, seeds, and other fragments that help replenish the earth, planting and spreading seeds and roots, for new plants to grow. so can we really blame the 1500 horses over the 30,000 cattle? cattle typically stay within the range they are assigned to , while horses free roam and travel as they choose, meaning no piece of land is ever grazed on too long by th wild horses, and if they find their forage reserves low they move on to another grazing area allowing that one to grow back for a few weeks before they return in an endless cycle.

Now here is another factor to concider, the infamous Alberta wildfires. Do the wild horses help the land or worsen it in respect to wild fire season? Well I would argue that they help, tramendously. Now here is why;

Something we all know is that horses eat grass. Grass fires are often the start of huge wild fires. Dry grass is so flammable that a hot exaust, a lightning strike and sometimes even just the heat of the sun can cause the dead grass to burst into flames. Dry grass is highly flammable, it burns hot and fast and sometimes people will even use dry grass to start their campfire. Do wild horses help in regards to dry grass? yes. In the summer we all know horses like the fresh grass, green grass, nutrient rish grass. however in the winter and fall all grass turns yellow and looses some nutrient value, This is the time of year you might see wild horses pawing in the snow to get to the dead grass beneath, i would argue that this is in fact helping the wildfire prevenation. If through the winter and fall seasons the wild horses are cleaning up the dead and over grown grasses, that surely is a tremendous help to the wildfire season the next year, the cattle graze in the summer, however they do not graze in the winter, so they can not help with eating the dead grass, in the winter one because they do not know how to paw and graze through winter, and second because they are pulled off the grazing leases in the fall to go home for the winter at their farms. Now who does grass clean up while the cattle are gone for the fall and winter ? you guessed it, the wild horses. Have we studied the impact that removing these horses would have on the wildfire season? If one horse grazing 5-10 acres, is that not 5 - 10 acres less likely to burn due to dead grass accumulation?

The next topic on our list to explore is the ecosystem, and the affects the wild horses have on the landscape in Alberta.The first part of the ecosystem i want to explore is the food chain. How do wild horses in Alberta affect the food chain?

To start we are going to have to do a little math. Firstly, how many wild horses are in Alberta? around 1500. Now if half of that group is mares over 3 that would be about 700 mares able to half foals, again this is an estimate so it could be more, or less. That means this coming year we should have about 2200 wild horses...right? if all the foals lived, that would be right, and that would be a great growth. However did you know that only roughly 8-10% of wild horse foals live to be adults? In reality that means that every year only 50-70 wild horses will live to become adults out of the group born that year. Which would mean over 600 foals are either killed by predators, or just missing. which could be a number of different reasons. Studies show that whoas takes roughly 40 alberta horses out of the wild every year, now minus thst off the 70 surviving foals and what do you have ? a population increase of only 30 horses. Now add in the old wild horses that sacumb to old age every winter. Add the horses that break legs or get hit by vehicles, i would assume this to add another 20-30 horses eveyr year dying from natural or unatural cause , not being under 3 , so not counted in my foal tally. That would mean the population might not even be growing at all! in fact this might actually mean that eveyr year the horse populations dont grow and fall stagnant, meaning they do not need cull or contraception or it will 100% lead to their demise. Did you know they plan to geld the stallions? any any stallion that whoas can catch? or that they find on public land is gelded, meaning it can no longer carry on its genes, now we have to wonder, if they are related ancestors to the ojiwbe spirit horse which is endangered, why would we stop or halt the reproduction of hybrid offspring carrying on that bloodline for them.

so we can now hopefully all see how dire of a situation this is. The wild horse population has remained stagnant for many years. which would mean roughly 600 foals or more die every year, on top of the other natural deaths, where do they go ? and what predators are after them? This is where we get into the whole cycle of the food chains here in Alberta. Did you know the majority of mammals in alberta are omnivores? meaning they eat both meat and greens. Lets look at who they are

-Cougars, Bobcats, Lynx, Black bears, Grizzly bears,Grey wolves, Coyotes, red foxes, Wolverines, Fishers, Otters, Squirrels, Chipminks, Ermine, Muskrats,Ground hogs and so on.

now this is just the mammals that eat meat. We can also include ants and critters that scavange on leftovers as well. and we must not forget our wonderful birds of prey, Like our Golden eagle, Bald eagle, Vultures, Hawks (there's over 7 different species of hawks in alberta alone), we also have owls and osprey, which all depend on meat to scavange.

One question we must ask, is who replaces the wild horses role on the food chain? over 600 foals alone fall to predators, now sadly we really have to look at what this means, on average a newborn foal is around 80-100 lbs, that would imply that just through foals alone the predatory animals in the alberta eastern slopes recieve over 60,000 lbs of meat every year to eat. now add even 10 adult horses dying thats another 10,000lb of meat totally to over 70,000lb of meat that the alberta wild life ecosystem has due to the wild horses. Who is going to replace that meat? who is going to give the wolves and bears an alternative 70,000lb of meat? Will it come from our prong horned sheep? will it be taken out of our deer and mule populations? our elk? or will they then compensate the loss of wild horse meat through the cattle and calves grazing there? would the cattle ranchers then go after the wolves coyotes and bears over the loss of 70,000lb of meat they could have sold? Or will the wolves and grizzly populations suffer and starve due to the change in their ecosystem. These are all things we must truly concider before a hand is laid on any wild alberta mountain horse.

Now i will ask one last time for you to please bear with me, as there is yet a few more topics regarding the wild horses we must discuss.

Wild horses have played a crucial role in Alberta, and Canadas ecosystem since the beginning of time. The Beginning of creation. It is provem through fossil evidence that horses have been here, through out every missing time period they thought and believed , 13,000-8000 ago horses went extinct. we know now horse fossils and permafrost carcasses have been found dating 7000 years ago, 5000 years ago, 3000 years ago,2000 years ago, 1000 years ago, 900 years ago, 700 years ago and 600 years ago. eveyr time period that science once said they didnt exists for, is now proven untrue we know for a fact horses did not go extinct.

regardless of that the did originate here. created and put here on this land. The Alberta wild mountain horses fufill the same ecological roles that the original wild horses of north america fufilled, the only difference is, is that for a few houndred years we didnt have the technology or tools to prove it, the way we do today.

Now i want to talk about a federal company called SARA , what i am going to talk about here comes from the website is that legal i have it linked below . This is regarding two fedarl laws, one being the federal canada wildlife act, and the other being the federal species at risk at

SARA is the species at risk act. it makes a statement that wildlife is stated as such by the defintion of not being easily destinguishable from wild life. i believe the wild horses fit this catagory as not fitting the box for any domestic horse breed, time and time again proving themselves to be wild. now SARA claims to deem a wildlife protected as such that it must exist in the wild for at least 50 years without human intervention. These wild alberta mountain horses again fit the box, having been here for well over 50 years and proving to have always been here they are wildlife!

SARA created a side committe called - committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada- COSEWIC, what they state here is that anyone, in alberta can in fact call or email or make a request to them. anyone who feels a species is at risk, the minister agrees he then must make a recomendation to cabinet to list the species as endangered. i believe this is what we should be fighting for right now too, is thatif we can all call and email and request the wild horses of alberta be concidered to meet the 50 year wild law, and the endangered species at risk protection laws. stated on their website in the wild life act itself.

now the last thing i want to mention legal wise is also on the website called is that legal, which talks about -wappritta- (wild animal and plant protection and regulation of internation and interprovincial trade act) which prohibits the trade or sale of a threatened or endangered species, so this would stop any company with a special financial intest in the wild horses, like capturing and selling or adopting them out.

To finalize this is want to encourage you to do your own research , you have made it this far! please scroll down to see all the website links, and names of people you can further research, having fossil pictures, and pyctographs on their own websites, i will leave it for you to carry out that search. however i will provide all information needed to continue your research. i am making this free to public use, free to share , free to send forward, my only goal is that maybe something in here will help give the alberta wild horses, and wild horses of north america as a whole, the protection they deserve.

I will also ask that you please call and email and make known to todd loewen, danielle smith and for now mark carney and pierre pollievre how you feel, share the facts, not the feelings. we must give them every bit of evidence to show why we are fighting so hard for these wild horses, emotions and hot words cause tention, while facts always spread light. There is a petition you can sign , you can find the link to the petition over on the help alberta wildies society website, which is to help give the wild horses protection as a natural species, and in the meantime, share and grow your knowledge so we can all work together to protect whats left of these beautiful wild horses.scroll down to see names and links and research info. i would like to also say, if you have other facts you would like me to add, or feel i neglected to speak on, please email me and i will add anything missing. and if you have content regarding this matter , a book, a story, a research study, please feel free to share your name and link and i will add you and give you credit on here. i want this to be a place where all the information on the wild horses can be found , fossil books, artifacts, studies, so if you feel i’m missing anything i would love to hear and grow my understanding as well.

Thank you and God bless.

Links/Sources (or to further your own research):

http://www.cbc.ca/radio/unreserved/ojibwe-spirit-horses-1.6612491

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_la_Croix_Pony

http://theconversation.com/how-hybrids-could-help-save-endangered-species-154218

http://www.endangeredequines.com/albertawildiesdnaconservationproject/

http://cagl.cnrs.fr>yvette-running-horse-collin/

http://science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adc9691#con3

http://recherch-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca/englhome/record?app=fonandcol&idnumber=2947069&q=wild%20horse&ecopy=e010935934-v8

http://wizzley.com/the-survival-of-horses-in-pre-columbian-america/

http://searchprovincialarchieves.alberta.ca

http://horse-canada.com/horse-news/yukons-wild-horses-native-not-feral/

https://helpalbertawildiessociety.com

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-wild-horses-1.4688916

https://en.wikipedia.org>wiki>landrace

www.isthatlegal.ca/index.php?name=canada_federal.canada_wildlife_act

www.isthatlegal.ca/index.php?name=canada_federal.species_at_risk_act

www.isthatlegal.ca/index.php?name=canada_federal.wappriita

https://www.researchgate.net/publication1274006946_the_horse_and_burro_as_positively_contributing_returned_natives_in_north_america

-People mentioned, special references, names you could further your research in:

Gloria Farley “in plain light: old world records in ancient america

Claire Henderson -laval university quebec

Dr. John Thistle- “resettling the range”

R.H.V Bell - British ecologist

cloud foundation

Wayne McCrory- “the wild horses of the chilcoltin, their history and thier future”

Robert.M.Alison

Laverendrye - french explorer 1642

Dr. steven E Jones

Paul S Martin

great plains productions -(Gil Cardinal)

Heather Brown

Aud Fischer

Ross Macphee

Zoocheck

Julie woodyear

Corleigh powderface

Terry Jenkins - tj stables

ojibwe horse society

Yvette running horse collin

Gus Cothran

Pryor mountain horse

Lac la croix indigenous pony